英语国度哪一个姓氏最常见?”史密斯”居首(双语)
'Smith' is still the most commonly used surname in every English-speaking country around the globe, a study has found.
一项研讨发明，“史密斯”仍旧是环球全部英语国度最使用的姓氏。
Lending firm NetCredit has researched the world's most common family names by country by charting its usage in a series of maps.
信贷公司NetCredit研讨了列国最常见的姓氏，并将其利用情形绘制在多张舆图上。
The maps show that Smith is still the most frequently used surname in the US, the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The company also researched the etymology of each name and categorised them.
这些舆图显现，史密斯仍旧是美国、英国、加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰最使用的姓氏。该公司还研讨了每一个姓氏的词源，并对其实行了分类。
etymology [ˌetɪˈmɒlədʒi]：n.词源，词源学
A surname has five possible starting points, according to the study: An occupation, a personal description, the name of a place, the name of an ancestor, or to signify a link to a benefactor.
根据这项研讨，姓氏有五个大概的滥觞：职业、小我描写、地名、先人的名字，或示意与某个实惠者的联络。
The name 'Smith' originates as an Anglo-Saxon term for a metal worker or blacksmith.
姓氏“史密斯”劈头于盎格鲁-撒克逊人对金属工人或铁匠的称谓。
Similarly, the most popular surname in Luxembourg is 'Schmit', which derives from a similar German root.
一样，卢森堡最受接待的姓氏是“Schmit”，源于一个雷同的德语词。
In the US, the name is so popular that it's shared by one in every 121 residents.
在美国，这个姓氏十分广泛，每121位住民中就有一位姓史密斯。
In Ireland, where Irish is the national and official first language, Murphy is the most common surname.
在爱尔兰，墨菲是最常见的姓氏。爱尔兰语是爱尔兰天下和官方的第一语言。
A four-year-study by the University of the West of England in 2016 found that over 90 percent of the 45,602 surnames in the English dictionary are native to Britain and Ireland.
西英格兰大学2016年一项为期四年的研讨发明，英语辞书中45602个姓氏中，超出90%源自英国和爱尔兰。
The use of surnames in England started around the 14th Century but eventually became law when King Henry VIII ordered that all new births be registered in the name of the father.
在英国，姓氏的利用始于14世纪阁下，但在亨利八世国王命令，全部新生儿都要以爸爸的姓氏挂号以后最终成为功令。
Some reports put the very first use of surnames as early as 2852 BC in China.
有爆料称，中国是最早利用姓氏的国度，约莫在公元前2852年可以利用。
In other parts of the world, the present day distribution of surnames is different with many more people with the same name.
在环球其他区域，现在的姓氏散布是差别的，而很多人姓氏雷同。
In China, one in every 13 people have 'Wang' as their second name. In South Korea, one in five are named 'Kim', and in Vietnam, 25 percent of people are named 'Nguyen'.
在中国，每13小我中就有一小我姓“王”。在韩国，五分之一的人姓“金”，而在越南，25%的人姓“阮”。
In Europe surnames tend to either come from a profession, a father's name and even from the varied landscape of the continent.
在欧洲，姓氏每每要末来自职业，要末来自爸爸的名字，乃至来自欧洲大陆的各类景致。
'Gruber', is the most popular Austrian surname, an evolution from the Middle High German word for 'pit'. 'Bērziņš', the most used Latvian family name, originates in the word for 'birch', which would signify someone who lived among Birch trees.
“格鲁伯”是最广泛的奥地利姓氏，由中古高地德语单词“pit”演化而来。拉脱维亚最常见的姓氏是“Bērziņš”，劈头于“birch(桦树)”这个词，示意住在桦树林里的人。
The Slavic '-ov' means 'the son of' and is used similarly to the suffix '-en' on the end of 'Jensen' or 'Hansen' in Scandinavia.
斯拉夫语后缀“-ov”的意义是“XX的儿子”，在斯堪的纳维亚半岛，它的用法雷同于“Jensen”(詹森，姓氏)或“Hansen”(汉森，姓氏)的后缀“-en”。
Due to the high prevalence of Muslim citizens in sub-Saharan Africa, the most common last name in a number of African countries, including Chad and Egypt, is a variation of Muhammad, the founder of Islam.
因为撒哈拉以南非洲区域有很多穆斯林国民，乍得和埃及等很多非洲国度最常见的姓氏是伊斯兰教创始人姓氏“穆罕默德”的变体。
The most prevalent surname in South America is 'Gonzalez' which derives itself from a Spanish name, originating in the German word for 'battle'.
南美洲最常见的姓氏是“Gonzalez”(冈萨雷斯)，源于西班牙姓氏，这个词劈头于德语中示意“战役”的单词。
【扩大浏览】
英文姓氏大概有4.5万个，但大部分的劈头都能够归入以下7类。
Occupational
示意职业
示意职业的姓氏讲明其处置的职业大概社会职位。叫Thomas Carpenter的人申明他是靠做木工活餬口的，而姓Knight的人则讲明他是佩剑的骑士。其他示意职业的姓氏另有：Archer(弓箭手), Baker(面包师), Brewer(酿酒师), Butcher(屠夫), Carter(车夫), Clark(牧师), Cooper(桶匠), Cook(厨师), Dyer(染工), Farmer(农民), Faulkner(养鹰户), Fisher(渔夫), Fuller(漂洗工), Gardener(园艺工), Glover(织手套工), Head(首级头目), Hunt or Hunter(猎人), Judge(法官), Mason(石工), Page(男仆), Parker(公园守门人), Potter(制陶工人), Sawyer(锯木工), Slater(石板工), Smith(铁匠), Taylor(成衣), Thatcher(葺屋顶者), Turner(车工), Weaver(织工), Woodman(伐木工),以及Wright(工匠)，另有很多。
我们还能够从这个类其它姓氏看出某个仆役过去在谁家干活。好比，叫Vickers的人大概过去是Vicker老师家的仆役，叫Williamsburg的人也许过去奉养过叫William的人大概被他收养。
在中世纪的英格兰，专门的剧院还没有降生，技术人行会会上演一些“神剧”，讲讲圣经故事，还会有对唱。参演者的姓氏，好比King、Lord、Virgin大概Death大概表现了他或她饰演的脚色，有些人大概一生不断饰演一个脚色，最终把这个姓氏传给下一代。
Describing a personal characteristic
描写小我特性
有些本身为形容词的姓氏通常都是滥觞于描写某小我的绰号。这些姓氏有的大概描写一小我的身体(Short，Long，Little)，肤色(Black、White、Green、或Red，Red以后演酿成Reed)，大概其他特点(好比Stern峻厉，Strong强健，Swift灵敏)。假如有人姓Peacock(孔雀)，那大概示意人们感觉这小我徒有其表，没什么真本领。
From an English place name
来自英格兰地名
有的姓氏大概讲明这小我出身、糊口、工作大概具有地皮的中央，这大概是一座房子的名字，也大概是农场、乡村、小镇大概县城的名字。举几个例子：Bedford, Burton, Hamilton, Hampshire, Sutton。作家杰克• 伦敦的先人大概就来自伦敦。
From the name of an estate
来自庄园的名字
田主们的昆裔通常都用他们的属地、城堡、庄园大概地产的名字作为姓氏，好比Ernle 或Staunton。这当中Windsor最着名，这是乔治五世为英国皇室家属选的姓氏。
From a geographical feature of the landscape
来自某地的地貌特点
这个种别里的姓氏有：Bridge, Brooks, Bush, Camp, Fields, Forest, Greenwood, Grove, Hill, Knolles, Lake, Moore, Perry, Stone, Wold, Wood, and Woodruff等。作家玛格丽特•阿特伍德大概是某个过去(住在树林里的)人的昆裔。
Patronymic, matronymic, or ancestral
滥觞于男用名、女用名大概家传下来的名字
滥觞于男用名的姓氏有：Benson(本的儿子)、Davis(大卫家的), Dawson(道的儿子), Evans(伊万家的), 前面这些名字都能够根据如此的方式来明白，Harris, Harrison, Jackson, Jones, Nicholson, Richardson, Robinson, Rogers, Simpson, Stephenson, Thompson, Watson, 以及 Wilson等。
滥觞于女用名的姓氏有：Molson 滥觞于 Moll), Madison (滥觞于 Maud), Emmott (滥觞于 Emma), 以及 Marriott (滥觞于 Mary)。
苏格兰部落称号组成了姓氏中家传下来的那一部分，包孕：Armstrong, Cameron, Campbell, Crawford, Douglas, Forbes, Grant, Henderson, Hunter, MacDonald, 以及 Stewart。
Signifying patronage
讲明“幕后老板”
有些姓氏是向雇主或供应呵护的人致敬，好比，Hickman示意他是Hick部下的人，Kilpatrick是Patrick的部属。
